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The values of commodities are directly as the times of labor employed in their production, and are inversely as the productive powers of the labor employed.

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The directing motive, the end and aim of capitalist production, is to extract the greatest possible amount of surplus value, and consequently to exploit labor-power to the greatest possible extent.


The product of mental labor - science - always stands far below its value, because the labor-time necessary to reproduce it has no relation at all to the labor-time required for its original production.


Capitalism is commodity production at the highest stage of development, when labor power itself becomes a commodity. The growth of internal exchange, and particularly of international exchange, is a special feature of capitalism. The uneven and spasmodic character of the development of individual enterprises, of individual branches of industry and individual countries, is inevitable under the capitalist system.


Machines were, it may be said, the weapon employed by the capitalists to quell the revolt of specialized labor.


Capital is dead labor, which, vampire-like, lives only by sucking living labor, and lives the more, the more labor it sucks.


The capitalist mode of production and accumulation, and therefore capitalist private property, have for their fundamental condition the annihilation of self - earned private property: in other words, the expropriation of the labourer.