Exchange value forms the substance of money, and exchange value is wealth.

Although gold and silver are not by nature money, money is by nature gold and silver.

An increase in the productivity of labour means nothing more than that the same capital creates the same value with less labour, or that less labour creates the same product with more capital.

Under the ideal measure of values there lurks the hard cash.

The circulation of commodities is the original precondition of the circulation of money.

Gold is now money with reference to all other commodities only because it was previously, with reference to them, a simple commodity.